In the post-enlightenment Europe of the 19th century the highest authority was no longer the Church. Instead it was science. Thus was born racial anti-Semitism, based on two disciplines regarded as science in their day – the ‘scientific study of race’ and the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer and Ernst Haeckel.

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In the post-enlightenment Europe of the 19th century the highest authority was no longer the Church. Instead it was science. Thus was born racial anti-Semitism, based on two disciplines regarded as science in their day – the ‘scientific study of race’ and the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer and Ernst Haeckel.